Understanding Curriculum and Professional Issues free essay sample

This task will investigate current perspectives on demonstrable skill in the Lifelong Learning Sector in the UK, and will make specific reference to the effect of expert status on educators in the Further Education (FE) division. The paper will inspect current arrangement before proceeding to talk about; polished skill, proceeded with proficient turn of events (CPD), the significance of intelligent practice as an expert trait and effect on instructing. The task will likewise talk about own self-awareness making reference to subject specialism. At last polished methodology in the area will be assessed. Truly Further Education (FE) Colleges were once far expelled from the terms ‘professional’ and ‘academic’ and as Spencely (2006 pg 292) reminds us, â€Å"student learning in FE was unquestionably situated in the field of handy aptitudes based preparing instead of instruction, this accentuation on preparing, as opposed to training, has driven various pundits to scrutinize the presence of the calling of ‘educator’ or ‘teacher’ in the further training sector†. Be that as it may, FE is presently a vital piece of the instruction framework and assumes a key job in supporting the expert improvement of instructors in the segment. Indeed, even with the progressing drive to up expertise FE speakers with instructor preparing capabilities, those in FE seem, by all accounts, to be in a constant motion where acknowledgment of expert status is concerned. Katz, refered to in Avis et al features this when he states â€Å"Few experts talk as much about being proficient as those whose proficient height is in doubt†. (2009 pg 75) FE has attempted to be perceived as expert, this might be on the grounds that most of training professionals in FE are from a professional as opposed to scholarly foundation. As of now FE instructors work inside an arrangement of duel professionalism† (Davies 2006) implying that they have professional mastery and have picked up educator preparing capabilities so as to create as an expert. In any case, as per Gray and Griffin, â€Å"professionalism of FE has never been homogeneous or especially very much shaped in the FE sector† and it comes up short on the expert culture found in the schools (2000 pg 238). It might be that what Gray neglects to recognize is the FE part is not the school part and it ought to hence be unique. Since September 2001, it has been a prerequisite that all educators in FE schools ought to have, or be moving in the direction of, a broadly perceived instructing capability. The first national gauges on which such capability was based were drawn up by the Further Education National Training Organization (FENTO). So as to get FENTO support, bodies, for example, the City and Guilds London Institute (CGLI), which at the time granted a scope of area explicit showing capabilities, were required to guarantee that the substance and results of their encouraging capabilities adjusted to these national principles. Just educators with a FENTO supported capability were esteemed to meet the national necessity for the calling. As the consequence of an administration strategy change, the national preparing associations, including FENTO, were supplanted by part aptitudes chambers, and obligation regarding dealing with the national gauges and supporting capabilities for instructors in the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) was taken over in January 2005 by Standards and Verification UK (SVUK), the principles and check arm of Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK). This body, which is additionally liable for the expert advancement of educators in work-based learning and advanced education, drew out a reconsidered set of national principles in 2007 after an extensive time of meeting. These are known as Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) guidelines; and it is presently a necessity that all educators in the division, regardless of whether full-time or low maintenance, must have, or be progressing in the direction of QTLS. This can be accomplished by various courses, including SVUK-supported advanced education projects, for example, the Certificate of Education (Cert Ed), the Postgraduate or Professional Graduate Certificates in Education (PGCE) The Institute for Learning (IFL) are the main impetus behind looking for proficient acknowledgment for instructors in FE. The CEO of the IFL as of late declared a significant improvement for the IFL, remarking on Professor Alison Wolf’s suggestion that FE educators with QTLS ought to be perceived as able to instruct in schools. Secretary of state for instruction, Michael Gove, has acknowledged suggestions from the Wolf Report explaining that there is a need to â€Å"allow qualified further training speakers to educate in school homerooms on a similar premise as qualified school teachers†. (Goodman, 2011) The Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) underpins the drive to professionalize FE instructors and states that â€Å"The certain end is that it is presently an ideal opportunity for the Qualified Lecturer Status (QLS) to be supplanted by the certified educator status (QTS), as the benchmark of instructor demonstrable skill in FE universities. It is the ideal opportunity for instructors to become teachers.† (ATL, 2011) Although this has all the earmarks of being movement we could contend this could be considered more as consistence with an acknowledged perspective on what educator demonstrable skill is, while FE ought to be seen as expert and the job of QLS should convey with it proficient status. Nonetheless, while considering current intuition on polished methodology in encouraging Pollard sums up that great educating â€Å"requires an enormous number of understood and regularly prompt decisions and decisions† frequently formed by the ‘community of practice’ to which we belong†. (Pollard, 2010 pg 5) This assesses study hall the executives, including connections, positive learning situations and the capacity to be inventive and creative. The ‘Teaching Learning Research Project’s’ ten standards of successful educating, which structure the premise of polished methodology in the showing area, feature a lot of standards which are obvious inside the FE part, plainly illustrating (from my perspective) value with the school segment. There are various issues around the idea of demonstrable skill and clearly significance here can and will vary as indicated by ones calling. So as to characterize polished methodology we should likewise consider that translation will contrast reliant on point of view. Demonstrable skill for the most part includes the two attributes of self and those of associations. Proficient associations will have a lot of qualities which will be reflected in working practices in accordance with moral norms. Nonetheless, superfluous of association instructor polished skill is a critical factor as it influences the job of the educator and their instructional method, which thusly influences understudy capacity to adapt viably. Educator polished skill ought to contain the basic attributes of, capability, execution, and direct, all ofâ which ought to mirror the objectives, capacities, and norms of the association for whom we work, and should affect on instructing through the advancement of these characteristics. Outer drivers, for example, government strategy will and do affect on the status of FE speakers and alongside the acknowledgment of ‘Qualified Teacher Status’ (QTS) will no uncertainty come much progressively thorough review of both understudy and instructor accomplishment. The FE division has kept on developing and so as to help; development, the move in instruction conveyance from instructors to Government control, and to fulfill the needs of Sector Skills Councils, the improvement of demonstrable skill will keep on being a key core interest. Be that as it may, so as to build up this demonstrable skill Hargreaves, helps us that the presence to remember top down training framework with constrained compensation and over normalization will bring about an incomprehensible calling. Hagreaves states â€Å"The oddity in the expert existence of educators is shown by the conjunction of two apparently conflicting patterns in the advancement of the showing calling: normalization of instructing and aversion to teachers’ professionalization, from one viewpoint, and higher expert measures and more noteworthy polished methodology, on the other†. (2000 pg 11) In 2004 LLUK started the way toward growing new expert showing measures for the FE framework, in accordance with the prerequisites of; Government, Sector Skills Councils, administrative specialists, granting associations and suppliers. Bill Rammell, Minister of State for Lifelong Learning, stresses the significance of polished skill in instructing, Rammel states, â€Å"I accept these guidelines will contribute enormously to improving quality in instructing, preparing and learning over the further training framework, and give a key piece of the foundation that will bolster the professionalization of the workforce†. (LLUK, undated) However, this may likewise make a progressively thorough assessment of showing norms, as educators in FE become increasingly qualified, as referenced beforehand, desires will likewise rise. The new expert showing guidelines, with accentuation on pro subject information, will profit FE as far as quality, all the more critically it will likewise give a superior learning experience to understudies, which when we consider polished methodology must be our first concern . Nonetheless, Avis (2009 pg 76) makesâ the point that current speculation on creating demonstrable skill, explicitly while thinking about the detail and length of principles, that â€Å" LLUK guidelines are rather than the proportionate single page of expansive explanations that spread higher education† the equivalent here applies to schools, it could subsequently be recommended that the meaning of expert in the FE part is â€Å"more confined and prescriptive than in different zones of education† (Avis, 2009 pg 77) This may likewise application

Factors Affecting Employment Of Health Care Professionals In Long Term Care Essay

Wellbeing is riches. A country or any association that is definitely intrigued by maximal individual and aggregate yield, improved working aptitudes and pledge to administration of her residents or individuals take the issue of wellbeing with most extreme respectability and assiduity. In achieving this significant target, establishments consider various variables during enlistment of human services experts in long haul care. Level Of Education: in spite of the fact that there is least standard clinical training, the degree of instruction and zone of specialization of the imminent worker is imperative to be considered before business. Workers are utilized dependent on the need inside the wellbeing association, the difficulties of long haul care later on and how these experts can adequately bridle the assets available to them to determine the test. Significance Of The Professionals: the spot of clinical experts in the wellbeing foundation can't be overemphasized. They are surely fundamental for smooth running of such foundations. This brings to hide the pertinence of any expert in other everyday issue separated from clinical instruction, particularly aptitudes in business organization. There is no uncertainty that the business knows about the degree of instruction of the imminent worker. He would likewise be keen fair and square of readiness of the person to contemporary difficulties outside clinical training that may normally require their consideration. Pay, Benefits and Advancement: this likewise impacts work of social insurance experts for long haul care, as expanded expense of business uplifts other wellbeing parameters, for example, cost of medicinal services administration, reasonableness, openness and its quality. Employer stability And Retention: there is should have the option to get to the maintenance factor for these experts. The individuals who sharp duty would serve better and would be of maximal effect in wellbeing organizations committed to long haul care. This is on e of the most significant variables to consider for this situation. Proceeding with Education: it is likewise essential to think about and access to proceeded with instructive preparing for the laborers so as to improve their administration. Working Conditions medicinal services experts need a decent domain to function admirably. Without this, maintenance among them is thin and the yield is profoundly factor. Incorporate both those that are crosscutting and those that identify with explicit issues of concern.

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Chicago Booth Offers Hands-On Entrepreneurship

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Chicago Booth Offers Hands-On Entrepreneurship Again we pose the rhetorical question: Chicago Booth is only a finance school, right? Wrong. In the past, we have discussed the strengths of the schools marketing program, to the surprise of some. We feel that not enough applicants are aware of Chicago Booths robust “hands-on” entrepreneurial offerings, available through its Michael P. Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship. Where to begin? Chicago Booth’s practical academic programs extend into the field of entrepreneurship with the schools “New Venture and Small Enterprise Lab.” Herein, students work for up to ten hours per week for an entire quarter within a host firm or take on a dedicated project in a class designed to train those who intend to ultimately join start-ups or consult to them. In addition, the Polsky Center sponsors the New Venture Challenge (NVC), a business plan competition that in 2010 awarded $75,000 to students as seed money for winning bids. Up to four winners of the NVC are invited to join the ARCH Venture Partners New Business Incubator for one year (or until they receive funding to launch their businesses), where they benefit from faculty support and office resources. The center has launched more than 50 companies that, in turn, have raised $100M in capital in spaces as diverse as payment solutions, flexible solar panels, food preparation and children’s toys. Further, entrepreneurially minded Chicago Booth students can apply for funding from the Hyde Park Angels (HPA), a group of Booth EMBAs who make investments of up to $1M in start-ups. Although the HPA is an arms-length organization and does not exclusively source investments from Chicago Booth, it maintains a connection to the Polsky Center, which supports the HPA’s mission. The HPA offers students the opportunity to intern as associates and gain venture capital experience while at the school. In 2009â€"2010, seven Chicago Booth students served as HPA Associates. We are just scratching the surfaceâ€"again, Chicago is most definitely not “just a finance school.” For more information on Chicago-Booth and 14 other leading MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Chicago (Booth)

Factors Influencing Stock Prices In Indonesian Stock Exchange - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4091 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? There are many definitions of stock with different point of view. Bernstein states that stocks are partial ownership of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets which are subordinated with debt (Bernstein, R. 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors Influencing Stock Prices In Indonesian Stock Exchange" essay for you Create order Stock is a device that implies an ownership position in a company and signifies a claim on its proportional share in companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets and profits. Only certain companies have stock called corporation. Limited partnership and Sole proprietorship do not issue stock (WebFinance, Inc., 2010). According to Vernimmen et al. (Vernimmen et al. 2009, p. 527), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A stock or a share is a security that is not redeemed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The investment can only be recognized through disposal and whose revenue flows is uncertain. Corporations need financial resources and this required resources usually come from ordinary or common stocks, preferred stocks, and medium to long term lenders or debenture holders. Common stock is everlasting capital for the corporation. The owners who invest in this type of stock are called ordinary or common shareholders and any profit retained after paying debenture interest will be distribute to them called dividend. Preferred stocks are i ssued to public in order to acquire capital and these stocks have rights to specified yearly fixed percentage dividend on the paid-up capital. Preferred stocks are less common in stock market (Anandarajah, Aseervatham, and Reid 2005). The following are the characteristics of common stock and preferred stocks: (Scott et al. 1999). Preferred Stock A hybrid security which has similar characteristics to bonds and common stocks. It is similar to bonds in its dividends which are limited in amount. It is similar to common stocks in that it has no fixed maturity date, dividends are not deductible in terms of tax purposes, and non-payment of dividends will not cause bankruptcy. Common Stock. Common stock shares imply an ownership in corporation which does not have maturity date and exists as long as the firm does. Stock exchange is an organization which helps connection between potential buyers and potential sellers of stocks. Stock exchange can be physical place, networ k of computers, system of telephone link, etc. A stock market is a place where stocks can be purchased and sold (Samuel, J.M., Wilkes, F.M., and Brayshaw, R.E. 1996). Most of countries around the world have stock exchanges. The number of stock exchanges around the world is growing significantly. Based on continents, stock exchanges around the world can be divided into 6: Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, and South America. Indonesia Stock Exchange called IDX is one of the stock exchanges in Asia (Stock Exchanges Worldwide Links, n.d., 2010). Principally, there are 2 advantages are obtained by investor who buying or having stocks in stock exchanges (Indonesia Stock Exchange, 2007): Dividend. Dividend is sharing profit awarded by a company because of holding stock for a relatively long period until ownership term is in period where an investor is recognized as shareholder who has right to get dividend. Capital Gain. Capital gain is the difference between selling price and buying price acquired from trading activities. Those advantages cause investors choose stocks as an attractive alternative than put their money in fixed deposits that have low interest rates (Chuan, 2004). Basically, investors who buying or having stocks will also have some risks (Indonesia Stock Exchange, 2007): Capital Loss. Capital loss is a situation when an investor is selling the stocks at lower price than the buying price. Liquidity Risk. A company with shares held by public is declared for its bankruptcy by the Court. Shareholders or investors will have the last priority of claiming their rights after all liabilities are fulfilled. The rest of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wealth will be shared proportionally to the shareholders. Shareholders will not obtain anything from the liquidation if there is no rest left. The overall price movements of common stocks of corporations traded on stock markets are called stock market price indexes. Corporate stockholders will get benefit from company through dividends and have right to vote in company. Investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ capital gains and losses will affected by increasing and falling of stock prices (Frumkin 2000). Norman (Frumkin, N. 2000, p. 277) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The dividend yield, which is the rate of return on a share company stock, is a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s annual cash dividend percentage of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s annual stock price.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Nowadays, the price of stocks in Indonesia Stock Exchange is changing rapidly. The average price of stocks in Indonesia Stock Exchange increased significantly (approximately 20%) during 2006. The average price decreased approximately 19% during January 2008 and declined again approximately 16% during March 2008. The significant change of stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange is caused by external environmental factors or macroeconomics factors (Frensidy, B. 2008). There are many external envi ronmental factors that impact financial system including stocks. Those factors are economic growth, inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, etc (Evans, et al. 2000). Many investors lost their money because of the significant change of stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Investors lost their capital because they sell their stocks at lower price than the buying price (Indonesia Stock Exchange, 2007). By analyzing external environmental factors, investors can predict the future price of stocks more accurately. To minimize the risk or capital loss, investors have to understand external environmental factors influencing stock prices in order to make correct decision whether they have to buy, sell, or hold the shares. The research will identify external environmental factors which have significant influence on stock prices and explain the relationship between those factors and stock prices in order to accomplish that goal. Objectives, Research Question, and Research Hypotheses The objectives of the research are: To identify the variables of external environmental factors influencing the stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. To analyze the influence of external environmental factors on stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Based on the objectives, the research questions are as follow: Which external environmental factors influence stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange? How does external environmental factors influence on stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange? Based on the research question, the research hypotheses are built up: External environmental factors encourage the change of stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. External environmental factor have strong correlation with stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Scope This research study will focus on external environmental factors influencing the stock prices in Indonesia stock exchange, which will be explained more briefly in chapter 2 literature reviews. Some external environmental factors influencing stock prices are applied to explain the correlation between external environmental factors and stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analysis of what kind of relationship (positive or negative) between external environmental factors and stock prices will also be clarified in this research. The literature reviews will consist of some external environmental factors which influence stock prices especially in Indonesia Stock Exchange. A survey will be performed in order to collect data about the change of several external factors and stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Based on collected data, a model will be offered to analyze the relationship between stock prices and external environmental factors. Lastly, this research will be limited and focused on the following: The research is only focused on JSX composite index or (Indonesian: Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan, IHSG). This research is only focused on external environmental factors which influence stock prices. The data collection period of this research is 5 years from 2005 to 2009. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review of External Environmental Factors and Stock Prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange This chapter will summarize external environmental factors which influence stock prices. Factors and frameworks will be appeared by joining and integrating adopted theories. Lastly, the major external environmental factors influencing stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange will be provided in this chapter. Categories of Stocks and Types of Orders In the market, there are various names of stocks that refer to different categories of stocks (Chuan, 2004): Figure 2.1 Categories of Stocks Source: adapted from Chuan, 2004 Blue Chips refer to stocks that are steady with good fundamentals. Undervalued Stocks refer to stocks which are well-established by companies with solid balance sheet. Such stocks are generally unnoticed by investors, traded with small volume, and receive little reporting from media and analysts or experts. Growth Stocks refer to stocks which are established by recognized companies that have high growth sectors and their business are predicted to enlarge quickly over the coming years. Such stocks are generally traded with higher PER (Price Earnings Ratio) even though they lack of history of strong earnings base. While companies show continual rise in their earnings, the price of these stocks will increase. Penny Stocks refer to stocks that have small capitalization and traded bellow one dollar . Small-Cap Stocks refer to stocks that have very few issued shares and traded in low price at stock market. Such stocks are usually not bought by foreign institutions and funds. Small-Cap Stocks have some risks as follow: Smaller companies tend to less flexible to major crisis because they are less diversified and more prone to market shocks and monetary crisis. Trading volumes are low and less liquid. Therefore, investors may not find the buyers in stock market when they want to sell the stocks. Small-Cap Stocks are more sensitive to news and rumors. There are 3 types of orders used in the buying and selling of stocks as follow (Chuan, 2004): Market Order Market order is an order to buy or sell stocks instantly at the best current price. For example, investors place market order to sell AAA shares. It means investors buy AAA shares at current offering price. Limit Order Investors which place limit order will set a certain suitable price to buy or sell a particular stock. Stop Order Stop order is an order to buy or sell the stocks that are traded at certain price level immediately. This certain price level is known as stop price. For instance, investors place stop order to buy AAA shares at $5.00. If AAA shares begin to trade at $5.00, the order becomes market order and broker will buy shares at the best current price. In terms of selling stop order, the order is placed bellow current price to help investors decrease their possible losses and keep their profit. Timing and Stock Investment Investor would discourage when the price of their stocks decreased significantly after they had bought the stocks or to be trapped in market crash after they had invested their money in the stock market. Good timing is the most crucial factor for investors in stock market. Even the best stocks will become useless investments if investors buy them at wrong time (George, A. 2008). The major problem is good timing cannot be determined easily because stock market is influenced by large amount of factors and events that are beyond prediction. Investors have to understand factors influencing stock price and involve some insight to determine good timing whether they have to buy, sell, or hold their stocks (Chuan, 2004). In stock investment, price is mechanism by which practically all goods and services are exchanged. In this case, price has strong power or price is a king because price will determine whether stocks become excessively expensive or inexpensive (George, A 2008). The price of stocks tends to increase when there are more buyers than sellers in stock market. Buyers are tense in stock market based on expectation of future price increase. There are some signals which make buyers believe that future stock price will increase (Chuan, 2004): Positive indication from market trend. Rumors in stock market. Information concerning better earnings prospects for company. External Environmental Factors Influencing Stock Prices There are several external environmental factors influencing the uptrend or downtrend of stock prices in stock market. Those external environmental factors are: Worldwide stock market. Local economy. Political factor. Inflation. Foreign Exchange Rates. Interest Rates. Commodity Prices. Worldwide Stock Market The performance of world economy will have effect on local economy or Indonesian economy due to globalization. The worldwide economy especially US, China, Japan, and Singapore economy will help to enhance Indonesian economy because those countries are major trading partners of Indonesia (CIA, 2010). Therefore, positive economic performance of those countries will give favorable result for Indonesian Stock Market (Chuan, 2004).Indonesian stock prices get significant impact from US, China, Japan, and Singapore stock prices. JCX composite index or IHSG obtain significant influence from worldwide stock market especially DJIA (Dow Jones Industrial Average), Nikkei 225, Hang Seng and Strait Times. Investors always look at those stocks before and during trading stocks in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Export partners and import partners of Indonesia will affect local economy and price of JSX composite index in Indonesian Stock Exchange (Samsul, M. 2006). For example, JCX composite index in 7 May 2010 decreased significantly (71.29 points or 2.54%) because of the decrease of worldwide stock market. Dow Jones Industrial Average decreased 407.05 points or 3.75%, Nikkei decreased 331.1 points or 3.1%, Hang Seng decreased 213.12 points or 1.06%, and Strait Times decreased 6.7 points or 0.59%. The decrease of worldwide stock market had significant influence on Indonesian stock prices (Meryani, A. 2010). Figure 2.2 Indonesia Export Partners 2009 Source: adapted from CIA, 2010 Figure 2.3 Indonesia Import Partners 2009 Source: adapted from CIA, 2010 Local Economy GDP or Gross Domestic Product is regularly used as an indicator of economic performance of the country. Brux (Brux, J.M. 2008, p. 351) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in the economy in a given time period (usually one year).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? There are two different types of GDP as follow: Nominal GDP. Nominal GDP is GDP that determined at current prices or actual prices of a particular year. Real GDP. Real GDP is GDP which adjusted for inflation. GDP is generally used as indicator of standards of living in a country. If GDP is high, there is an assumption that economy in a country is doing well and this country has high standards of living. When GDP is growing, there is an assumption that economic activity in a country and standards of living are rising (Brux, 2008). When GDP of a country shows positive growth, it is usually followed by positive trend in stock market. There fore, GDP is often used by investors to estimate turning points of their stocks and to time their investment.GDP growth and other economic data are published in newspaper. When investors read this information, investor should know how to use the information wisely. For instance, when banking sector is predicted to perform badly, investors should leave out banking stocks in their stock investment. This information will help investors to choose their stocks and make correct decision whether they have to buy, sell, or hold the shares. When economic condition in a country is good, stock prices generally tend to increase. However, investors have to be careful because it is also a sign that good days are numbered. Economy which is growing too fast will be difficult to maintain its growing or to be sustained (Chuan, 2004). Political Factor Stock price can be affected by regional, national, and international political situation. Political crisis usually will have negative impact in stock market trends. Stock prices generally will drop significantly because of political crisis (Chuan, 2004). Inflation According to Hook (Hook, J.A. 2003, p. 110), Inflation is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A condition in which the economy experiences a continuous increase in the average price level of all goods and services.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The price of certain goods and services may decrease but the average price of all goods and services increases. Financial service industries and banking are influenced significantly by inflation (Hook, J.A. 2003). Inflation can also be defined as a state that has continuous increase in prices of goods and services. Inflation will increase the cost of doing business because price of goods and services increases significantly. Therefore, it is expensive to do business during inflation and profit margins of business will decrease due to higher price of raw materials, rentals, etc (Chuan, 2004). Potential earnings of companies will determine the demand for a stock. Therefore, potential earnings of many companies generally decreased during inflation period due to the lower demand for stock. The lower demand for a stock will cause the decrease of stock prices in stock market. Investors should look at the growing of inflation and sell their stocks before inflation happens. Investors can use commodity prices and interest rates as indicators of inflation trend. When commodity prices and interest rates are rising, those factors indicate the coming of inflation. Investors should have carefulness to enter the stock market (Chuan, 2004). Foreign Exchange Rates Taylor, F. states that foreign exchange rate is the ratio which is used to convert one currency into another. Most countries around the world have their own currencies released by certain official agency which is called monetary authority or central bank. Currency is medium of exchange which is used to buy goods and services (Taylor, F. 2003). According to Philip (Philip et al. 2000), there are types of exchange rate system as follow: Flexible Exchange Rates. Flexible exchange rates system is an exchange rate system which the value of currency is permitted to react to market forces without any intervention by central banks or monetary authority. Fixed Exchange Rates. Fixed exchange rates system is an exchange rate system which associate countries agree to fix the value and changes only occur under certain particular condition. This exchange rate system can reduce uncertainty from international trade and support long term investment in international trade. Managed Floating. Managed floating is an exchange rate system which currency is allowed to respond to market changes but central banks are allowed to interfere in order to protect the value of the currency especially when central banks believe that depreciation is only temporary. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stock-Orientedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? models of exchange rates which also known as portfolio-balance approaches view exchange rates as equating demand and supply for certain assets especially stocks and bonds. Financial assets are valued by present values of future cash flows, expectations of relative currency values have significant role in price movements especially for internationally held financial assets. Therefore, stock prices are influenced by exchange rates movement (Ajayi and Mougoue, 1996). JCX Index or IHSG gets significant influence from the fluctuation of USD/IDR exchange rate. USD/IDR indicates how many IDR (Indonesia currency) per US dollar. The decrease of IDR currency in term of US d ollar is generally followed by the decrease of several Indonesia stock prices such as Telkom, ASTRA International, Bakrie Telecom, Kalbe Farma, etc (Sihombing,G. 2008). Figure 2.4 shows that the fluctuation of USD/IDR exchange rate is very high. Therefore, Indonesian investors should look at USD/IDR exchange rate as consideration in trading stocks (Yahoo, 2010). Figure 2.4 USD/IDR Exchange Rates from 2005 to 2010 Source: Yahoo, 2010 Interest Rates Frumkin (Frumkin, N. 2000, p. 190) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Interest is the cost of borrowing money, and interest rates are the price of money.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Interest rates which refer to yields are the annualized percentage that interest is of the principal of the loan. Interest rate is a good indicator of inflation trends because of its role as regulatory device to monitor the inflation trends. If interest rate increases, the cost of borrowing money will become higher and more expensive. Investing and developing business will be more expensive. Therefore, the economic growth is decrease and the inflation is under control. Besides as an indicator of inflation trends, interest rates also affect stock market and have significant influence in stock prices. When interest rate in a country is low that indicates stable or low inflation rates, stock market generally shows its positive trends and has tendency to be more active. Many investors prefer to put their money on other inve stments rather than put their money in bank deposits due to lower fixed interest rate. Investors will obtain lower return from bank deposits than return which comes from other investments especially stocks or shares. In addition, the cost of borrowing money becomes cheaper and this makes investors advance their additional borrowing for investment. Therefore, low interest rate will give positive impact to stock market in terms of rising stock prices. Investors have to be more careful when there is news about increasing interest rates. Investors should look at the change of interest rates regularly because of the impact of interest rates on their stock prices (Chuan, 2004). Increasing interest rates will give a negative effect on many companies which have large debts or loans because of the rising of cost of borrowing. The profit of the companies and ability to grow will decrease. When the profit of companies decrease, stock prices generally becomes less attractive and their stock prices decrease. When interest rates become high, investors usually react in two possible outcomes as follow (Mladjenovic, P. 2009): Investors may sell some of their stocks to pay their interest loans or debts. If many investors sell their stock, it will give negative effect on stock prices. Stock prices tend to decrease because there are more sellers than buyers in stock market. Higher interest rates may cause investors swap change their investment from stocks to bonds or bank deposits which offer higher return. In Indonesia, interest rate decisions are decided by Central Bank of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia interest rates dropped significantly over the years that can be seen in figure 2.5. The decrease of interest rates will attract more investors to invest their money on stock market (Trading Economics, 2010). Figure 2.5 Indonesia Interest Rates from 2006 to 2010 Indonesia Interest Rate Source: Trading Economics, 2010 Commodity Prices Basic commodities which are required in the production process of most goods and services are good indicators of inflation trends. Those commodities are oil, rubber, steel, etc. When the prices of those commodities increase, the cost of goods and services will also increase. Therefore, when the prices of most commodities increase, it may be an indication of inflation. Investors should have carefulness to enter the stock market. Besides as an indicator of inflation trends, commodity prices especially oil prices also affect stock market and have significant influence in stock prices (Chuan, 2004). Higher oil prices will have significant impact on stock market returns especially the aggregate effect of stock prices. Higher oil prices may cause the rising of production cost which will give great forces on industry equity returns. In oil exporting countries, higher oil prices will increase profits from oil, gas, coal, and vary resources industries. Higher oil prices may cause the ris ing of stock prices especially for oil exporting countries which depends on relative significance of the industries (Chen, A. H. 2008). JCX composite index or IHSG gets significant influence from the fluctuation of oil prices. For instance, the price of oil in early 2008 increased significantly to US$ 147 per barrel and then decreased drastically to US$ 36 per barrel. The price of JCX composite index followed the fluctuation of oil prices. In the early 2008, JCX composite index increased to IDR 2800. At the end of this year, JCX composite index decreased to IDR 1100 (more than 100%) because of the decrease of oil prices. Indonesian stock prices generally follow the fluctuation of oil prices. When the oil prices decrease, stock prices usually also decrease and otherwise. Therefore, Indonesian investors should look at the movement of oil prices as consideration in trading stocks (Sidarta, W. 2010). Research Framework Stock price in Indonesia Stock Exchange is the main axis in the research framework. The potential external environmental factors which influence stock price are: Economic factors. Economic factors consist of worldwide stock market (DJIA, Hang Seng, Nikkei, and Strait Times), local economy (GDP), inflation, interest rates, exchange rates (USD/IDR exchange rates), and commodities prices (oil price). Interest rates and commodities prices have correlation with inflation because the movements of those factors are indicator of inflation trends. Political factors. Stock price can be affected by regional, national, and international political situation such as political crisis. All of those potential factors will become consideration factors for Indonesian investors in order to make correct decision whether they have to buy, sell, or hold their stocks. The research framework can be seen in figure 2.6. Figure 2.6 Research Framework POLITICAL FACTOR ECONOMIC FACTORS STOCK PRICE (JCX Composite Index or IHSG) INTEREST RATES INFLATION OIL PRICES EXCHANGE RATES (USD/IDR) LOCAL ECONOMY (GDP) WORLDWIDE STOCK MARKET (DJIA, NIKKEI, HANG SENG, STRAIT TIMES) Source: The Researcher Summary The research topic in this study is An Empirical Study of Factors Influencing Stock Prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The report consists of introduction, literature review, and reference. Chapter 1 introduction identifies background of the research, objectives of the research, research question, research hypotheses, and scopes. Chapter 2 literature review provides knowledge and theories that are related to research topic. Summary and explanation of external environmental factors which influence stock prices will be provided in this chapter. At the end of this chapter, the author provides research framework in this report. Factors and frameworks will be appeared by joining and integrating adopted theories. Lastly, references show the sources of all information used in this research.

Molarity of Ions Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the molarity of ions in an aqueous solution. Molarity is a concentration in terms of moles per liter of solution. Because an ionic compound dissociates into its components cations and anions in solution, the key to the problem is identifying how many moles of ions are produced during dissolution. Molar Concentration of Ions Problem A solution is prepared by dissolving 9.82 grams of copper chloride (CuCl2) in enough water to make 600 milliliters of solution. What is the molarity of the Cl  ions in the solution? Solution To find the molarity of the ions, first determine the molarity of the solute and the ion-to-solute ratio. Step 1: Find the molarity of the solute. From the periodic table: Atomic mass of Cu 63.55Atomic mass of Cl 35.45Atomic mass of CuCl2 1(63.55) 2(35.45)Atomic mass of CuCl2 63.55 70.9 Atomic mass of CuCl2 134.45 g/mol Number of moles of CuCl2 9.82 g x 1 mol/134.45 gNumber of moles of CuCl2 0.07 molMsolute Number of moles of CuCl2/VolumeMsolute 0.07 mol/(600 mL x 1 L/1000 mL)Msolute 0.07 mol/0.600 LMsolute 0.12 mol/L Step 2:  Find the ion-to-solute ratio. CuCl2 dissociates by the reaction CuCl2 → Cu2 2Cl- Ion/solute Number of moles of Cl-/number of moles of CuCl2Ion/solute 2 moles of Cl-/1 mole CuCl2 Step 3:  Find the  ion molarity. M of Cl- M of CuCl2 x ion/soluteM of Cl- 0.12 moles CuCl2/L x 2 moles of Cl-/1 mole CuCl2M of Cl- 0.24 moles of Cl-/LM of Cl- 0.24 M Answer The molarity of the Cl  ions in the solution is 0.24 M. A Note About Solubility While this calculation is straightforward when an ionic compound completely dissolves in solution, its a bit trickier when a substance is only partially soluble. You set up the problem the same way but then multiply the answer by the fraction that dissolves.

Ethical Dilemmas Modernization And Its Impact On Society

III. Ethical Dilemmas: Modernization A. Cultural Diminishment Modernization is the unprecedented and rapid change that impacts each culture and is technology driven, as described within the MindEdge resource (2.14). Throughout history we have seen many examples of how modernization has had implicit negative affect on almost every culture. For instance, the profound affects that modernization has had in diminishing indigenous cultures in the Americas, or how modern technologies have eroded the cultural values of specific African cultures. One great example is the fact that modernization completely diminished the culture of indigenous peoples in the Americas. Their beliefs, values, and traditions were based in nature; being one with nature, and nature being one with them. However, the introduction of new technologies was incompatible with their values, and were lost through this adaptation. The same is true of certain African and Japanese cultures. In Japanese culture ethical dilemmas were created out of fear. From the ea rly modern times until the end of World War II certain traditions were still valued in Japan, but Japanese leaders realized that in order to protect Japan from Western colonization, they had to hurriedly rush their modernization. They were successful, and much like the United States their ancient cultures have been reduced to a mere â€Å"souvenir† of times gone by. All of these examples are, at least to me, ethical dilemmas because in order to make room forShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of Education Organizational Structure Essay2354 Words   |  10 Pages Ethical issues in Education Organizational Structure Ethics are a set of principles that people use to decide what is right and wrong. Other words such as principles and morals are used concurrently when discussing ethics. Principles are major beliefs and rules that have a significant influence on the way things are done as well as relationships with others. 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Critical Thinking and Language Essay Example For Students

Critical Thinking and Language Essay Critical Thinking and Language Essay Essay During our 20-year marriage, my wife and I have been fortunate enough to vacation three times in Hawaii. The island of Maui is our favorite. The island of Maui holds a special place in my heart, because of the one-on-one time I was able to spend with my wife. We enjoy the breathtaking scenery and the tranquil sunsets. The highlight of our trips has been the helicopter rides. The helicopter is the only way to see some of the islands awesome waterfalls and other secluded places. The ride can be a little hair raising when it is windy. One of Mauis most visible attractions is Haleakala, the largest dormant volcano in the world. The word Haleakala in the Hawaiian language means the House of the Sun. The top of Haleakala is one of the most outstanding places to watch a sunrise I have ever experienced. Just remember your jackets; it can be a little nippy at 9,000 feet elevation before sunrise. Visitors can ride a bike down to the base of the volcano, if they are just a little off their rocker. These are just a few reasons why Maui is my favorite vacation spot in the world. Using metaphors in the paragraphs above, I was able to describe my experiences with more flair. The images painted in your mind would be different if the metaphors were not used. If language is the mode in which our mind understands the world, and if metaphors are at the heart of language, then metaphors are at the heart of our understanding of the world (Kirby ; Goodpaster, 1999, p. 109). Now let us examine some of the questions about language and thinking critically. What role does language and language diversity play in the critical thinking process? Language helps us make sense of our thoughts. Language is the software that allows our brain to think the way it does; without language the cerebral cortex lies largely unused (Kirby ; Goodpaster, 1999, p. 77). Language must be thought of when trying to communicate. Does the person you are communicating with have the knowledge or have they been exposed to the language so they can understand what you are trying to say? With the many languages in the world, you must be aware that some words do not translate to other languages. When this happens, one must think critically on what other words can be used or other ways to communicate. Using pictures or gestures can help with communicating ideas. How does language empower or limit the expression of our thoughts? At times, everyone becomes speechless. Our thoughts are scrambled and we are unable to express ourselves. At other times, language empowers us to communicate our thoughts and ideas in a way to persuade others to action. The more language we learn about and are exposed to the more we can use it to our advantage. Using our knowledge of language to express ourself more clearly to get a point across. What is the role of critical thinking in persuasion? When persuading someone you must first think of a way to understand how the other person is thinking. Try to see the problem from their point of view. Once you understand their position, then think of a reason for that person to benefit from your position. Make a list of these items so when presenting your position you can refer to the list. Take time to assure that you have thought of all angles that the other person may be viewing about the topic. Present your position on the topic when you have enough time to explain how it will benefit them. Use active listening techniques by rephrasing their response and using eye contact. When attempting to persuade someone be sure to point out all the positive reasons to your point of view and avoid the negatives position. This paper gives examples of metaphor uses and how they expand our understanding of language. My favorite vacation spot was used as an example for this exercise. The paper answers several questions on the role language plays in critical thinking. .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .postImageUrl , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:hover , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:visited , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:active { border:0!important; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:active , .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535 .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cd4ff8e3cdc620bb210f1cd75276535:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is Responsible For The Death Of Romeo And Juliet Essay Language helps us all communicate and our ability to think critically .

Death Of A Salesman Charatcer Dvelpomnet Essay Essays -

Death Of A Salesman Charatcer Dvelpomnet Essay A persons attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will view them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to earth or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities often and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesnt change is classified as being a static character. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his poor parenting and his constant lying to his wife. Foremost, Willy has a problem with his inability to grasp reality. As he grows older his mind is starting to slip. For example, when he talks to the woman and his brother Ben. Throughout the story, Willy dreams of talking to the woman, because the woman is a person that he was dating in when he went to Boston. He was cheating behind his wifes back. Willy basically uses her as a scapegoat when hes hallucinating about her. He blames all of his problems on the woman. For instance Willy says, Cause you do Theres so much I want to make for. (38) This is the evidence right here. Also he dreams about his brother Ben. Willy wishes could be more like his brother who has just passed away a couple of months previously to the story. He also wishes he didnt have to work and could be rich like Ben. He respects Ben for not really working and making a lot of money. Another example of Willys hallucinations are when he says, How are you all? (45) This occurs when Willy is talking with Charley and he starts thinking about Ben. Willys inability to grasp reality never changed throughout the story. Willy also has very poor parenting skills. He has two children Biff and Happy. Willy excuses Biff for a lot of events when he was younger. If Biff stole something, Willy just brushes it off and says that is was no big deal. He didnt even care when Biff failed math and did not graduate from high school. He measured success in how many people you knew not what your grades are. In one breath Willy would say that Biff is lazy and then in the next say hes not. A perfect example of this is when Willy says, Biff is a lazy bum! (16). It is actually chilling at times what he says. To Willy, Happy was not a success and he always thought that Biff was superior to Happy. Even though Happy has a good job and gets all of the women, Willy still doesnt care for Happy. Happy is a womanizer and he gets this from his father. Happy uses women just as his father does to the woman. On page 31 Willy says, You and Hap and I This summer, Heh? (31) This is perhaps the one time Willy is going to make peace wi th Happy and Biff. It is scary that there are fathers just like Willy out there throughout the world. Lastly, Willy has a very bad problem of lying to his wife. Most of the time it is about money and how much he makes. He tells her that he makes all this money but in actuality its nothing. Not even enough to pay the bills. Willy says, Well I- I did whole trip. (35) Linda however, still makes excuses for him and smoothes things over, just as Willy does for Biff. Willy also never tells Linda about the woman in Boston. To him its not important and thinks that if things stay the same everything will be okay. He also lies about Biff to her. She doesnt even know the truth about her own son. Also, he contradicts what he says to her. Linda says, And Willy take lunch. (18) These are prime examples of whats wrong with the family. In conclusion, Willy is a static character. He remains the same throughout the whole play. Which once again means that he is a static character, which means that his attitude doesnt change throughout the course of the story.

Free Essays on What Is The Catholic Teaching Concerning Conscience. When Does Conscience Come Into Play In Making Moral Decisions.

One of the most important things in out lives is the ability to make decisions. They can range from small, insignificant choices like what to have for lunch or can be career decisions that could change the course of your life. But one thing is for certain. Many people take the liberty of making decisions for granted. In countries like Australia we have almost full decision making ability. Whereas in countries that are experiencing political or economic turmoil many people cannot make decisions because they are not allowed. So from this we can say that decision making is one of Gods most valuble gifts to us. But decision making is not always a blessing. Some decisions may affect us emotionally. These are decisions that concern moral issues. Moral issues are all about the right thing to do, and the wrong thing to do. Moral decisions may be about whether you should get drunk with some friends or have sex with a person at a party. They are hard decisions to make and often you can be tempted by peer group pressure or similar pressures. Moral Decisions are a really good test of a persons willpower. But we have one gift to help us with decisions. It is our conscience. Our conscience is the voice that tells you the right thing to do in most situations. Using your conscience may be reffered to as your gut feeling, or listening to your heart. Either way it is a voice from deep within you that knows right from wrong and it often pays to listen to it.. The church sees the conscience as the voice of the true self and something that must be followed. They teach that the conscience is a valuble gift from God and you should follow it because it will not lead you astray. You can rely on your conscience to make the right decision. Not nessesarily the decision that is best for you. But the decicion that is morally right. But as anything else that is human. The conscience can go astray. There are situations where a conscience may become distorted t... Free Essays on What Is The Catholic Teaching Concerning Conscience. When Does Conscience Come Into Play In Making Moral Decisions. Free Essays on What Is The Catholic Teaching Concerning Conscience. When Does Conscience Come Into Play In Making Moral Decisions. One of the most important things in out lives is the ability to make decisions. They can range from small, insignificant choices like what to have for lunch or can be career decisions that could change the course of your life. But one thing is for certain. Many people take the liberty of making decisions for granted. In countries like Australia we have almost full decision making ability. Whereas in countries that are experiencing political or economic turmoil many people cannot make decisions because they are not allowed. So from this we can say that decision making is one of Gods most valuble gifts to us. But decision making is not always a blessing. Some decisions may affect us emotionally. These are decisions that concern moral issues. Moral issues are all about the right thing to do, and the wrong thing to do. Moral decisions may be about whether you should get drunk with some friends or have sex with a person at a party. They are hard decisions to make and often you can be tempted by peer group pressure or similar pressures. Moral Decisions are a really good test of a persons willpower. But we have one gift to help us with decisions. It is our conscience. Our conscience is the voice that tells you the right thing to do in most situations. Using your conscience may be reffered to as your gut feeling, or listening to your heart. Either way it is a voice from deep within you that knows right from wrong and it often pays to listen to it.. The church sees the conscience as the voice of the true self and something that must be followed. They teach that the conscience is a valuble gift from God and you should follow it because it will not lead you astray. You can rely on your conscience to make the right decision. Not nessesarily the decision that is best for you. But the decicion that is morally right. But as anything else that is human. The conscience can go astray. There are situations where a conscience may become distorted t...

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 10

Case study - Essay Example Studies have revealed that organizations encountering environmental crisis generally endeavour to recuperate their legitimacy by amplifying their environmental disclosures inside their annual reports. An investigation of the corporate disclosures subsequent to a major environmental crisis is likely to provide additional understanding regarding the strategies and accounting theories implemented by such companies. This paper illustrates the legitimacy theory related to corporate disclosure and assesses the practices and activities adopted by BP following its ‘Gulf oil spill crisis’. The legitimacy theory illustrates the rationale behind the revelation of environmental information by corporate organizations. Legitimacy theory states that corporate firms must think about the rights of the society on the whole, and not merely focus on that of their investors. If the firms do not seem to function within the limits of the conduct considered suitable by the society, then the society will take actions to hamper the firm’s right to carry on its business operations. When there is a definite and possible inconsistency amid the business as well as the social value systems, it will result in intimidations to organizational legitimacy in context of economic, legal, and other authorizations (Prabhu 1998; Neu et al. 1998). Neu et al. (1998) opined that the legitimacy of a company is built and preserved by means of symbolic action, which act as elements of the company’s public image. This paper would evaluate the disclosure patterns as well as BP’s strategies following the crisis related to the ‘Gulf of Mexico oil spill’. In April, 2010, a fire explosion took place in the ‘Deepwater Horizon oil rig’, ultimately sinking the vessel and spilling 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, until the well was lastingly plugged. This incident resulted in the death of 11 people, while gravely injuring 17 persons. The event had serious

Definition of Efficient Market Hypothesis Literature review

Definition of Efficient Market Hypothesis - Literature review Example In the realm of financial markets, the value of information is indispensable. It is through the data that most analysts gain more information regarding the market. Market behavior is generally characterized by the flow of information. Therefore, comprehending the data that comes in and out of the market is vital. Through this information, analysts are able to predict prices and movements in the market. In addition, the data that is observed in the market generate perspectives that allow practitioners to forecast long-term movements in the components of financial markets. Although financial markets are hard to grasp, there are suggestions that such markets function with efficiency. Efficiency, when referred to the market, pertains to the changes in price and exchange between buyers and sellers. Apparently, financial markets are highly valued because investors are more inclined with fast-paced forms of revenue generation. Most important, the efficiency of the market makes decision making less risky and more rewarding. Eugene Fama (1970) was the main innovator of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). EMH implies that financial markets are efficient such that the price of assets, stocks, and other securities reflect all information available; thus, provide an unbiased view of investors regarding future prospects. One important aspect that EMH asserts is that it is seemingly impossible to outperform the market through the use of information known to the market. The information as defined by EMH refers to the data that are unpredictable in the present and appears sparingly in the future. EMH is considered as a fundamental component of modern financial economics (Feinstein, 2000). A compelling view of EHM was provided by Bodie et al. (1996) describing it as a result of rigorous underpinning and supported extensive empirical work. Bowman and Buchanan (1995) identified EMH as meticulously formulated. It is clear that the process in supportive concepts for a developed and competitive securities market. Several executives, however, pointed out some inconsistencies with EMH. These arguments are indeed supported by studies involving various subjects. The essence of EMH has embedded on the information associated stocks and the prevailing price associated with these securities. Malkiel (1987) stated that the varying point of views being presented by the buyers and sellers represent all the information and from the pool, relevant data are gathered. Indeed, the price of stocks will be affected by unexpected news, which of course is still unknown to the investors. There is a natural relationship between markets that efficiently provide available information to their role in efficient market distribution (Stiglitz, 1981). Further studies, on the other hand, pointed out that markets that provide efficient information are not required to provide productive efficiency in the economy. Such description supports tendencies when the market is incomplete and information that is considered as differentiated is costly but valuable. It is understandable that some data appear to be useless. But investors have been creative in creating a sense in this information.

Alice walker in search of the garden Essay Example for Free

Alice walker in search of the garden Essay lice Walker’s essay, In Search of Our Mother’s Garden, talks about her search of the African American women’s suppressed talent, of the artistic skills and talents that they lost because of slavery and a forced way of life. Walker builds up her arguments from historical events as well as the collective experiences of African Americans, including her own. She uses these experiences to back up her arguments formed from recollections of various African American characters and events. Walker points out that a great part of her mother’s and grandmothers’ lives have been suppressed because of their sad, dark pasts. But all of these are not lost because somehow, these are manifested in even the smallest things that they do, and that they were also able to pass it down to the very people that they loved. Our search of our mother’s garden may end back to ourselves. Walker builds up her argument by mentioning the experiences of other people in the essay. One of them is Jean Toomer, a poet in the early 1920s. He is a man who observed that Black women are unique because they possessed intense spirituality in them, even though their bodies endure every aspect of punishment in every single day of their lives. They were in the strictest sense Saints – crazy, pitiful saints. Walker points out that without a doubt, our mothers and grandmothers belong to this type of people. By building up on the observations of Toomer, she was somehow able to show how hard it was to be a mother or a grandmother or even just a woman at that time, one reason perhaps is that they are black. The mothers and grandmothers at that time endured all of this without any hope that tomorrow will be different, be better. Because of this, they were not able to fully express themselves. They were held back by their society. Another black character that she used to build her argument is Phillis Wheatley, a Black slave girl with a precarious health. Phillis is a poet and a writer at her own right, but unfortunately, she wasn’t able to do much with it because she was a slave. She didn’t have anything for herself, worse, she didn’t even own herself. Her futile attempts for self expression would be washed up by forced labor and pregnancies. She lost her health, and eventually her life without fully expressing herself through her gift for poetry. Alice Walker used the story of Phillis to establish the understanding that indeed, African American women at that time were not allowed or didn’t have the luxury of time to exercise their gifts, to hone their talents and abilities, and use them to fully express themselves. By doing so, Walker proves that our mothers and grandmothers lived a boxed life back then, with no way to channel to them emotions and thoughts other than hard labor and forced servitude. She pointed out that we wouldn’t know if anyone of them would’ve bloomed to be poets, singers, actresses, because they never really had the chance to know what they can do. By building up her argument using these two accounts, she is also presenting very strong evidence to her claim. These accounts were personal experiences of real African American people, and these are not just isolated cases. These are shared experiences not just by these two but by all of their people. Walker can confidently say that there is a lot of Phillis Wheatley in those times, perhaps including her mother and grandmothers. This is concrete evidence because it is not fictional, it is not imaginary, or something conceived out of Walker’s creativity. Slavery, forced pregnancies, poverty, and artistic suppression were the realities during the time of our grandmothers. No one can deny this, and no one can deny the existence of Phillis or the accounts of Jean Toomer. Considering Alice Walker’s authority in her arguments, she could be considered as an expert, a reliable source of information on the topic. First off, she is an African American woman, who had her fair share of poverty in her childhood. She was born and raised by hardworking parents, who really had to work day and night to provide for their family. Also, she witnesses first hand that even though her mother may not be a poet or a novelist; she was an artist in the truest sense. Her artistic side is manifested in her gardens and the beautiful flowers that she grows. Alice Walker witnessed all of this, experienced first hand what it was like to be poor and seemingly talentless. The accounts that Alice Walker used to prove her points and back up her arguments were African American history that she was all too familiar with. It may have been shared to her by her families, or simply a collective knowledge passed down from one generation to another. She is also well-educated, a wide reader, and an artist. She often cites Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own, relating a white woman’s plight to a black woman’s hardships. She emphasizes that even though she recognizes Woolf’s point about society’s unfair treatment to women of her time, Walker still believes that black women suffered the most (Walker). There is simply nothing that could compare to the artistic suppression that her mother and grandmothers experienced. In this essay, she is appealing to a general audience, with no specific race or ethnicity. I think this essay was written to highlight the African American women of her mother and grandmother’s time, who were unable to express their talents and hone it to its full potential. This essay is written to inform anyone and everyone reading it about their stories, and of her discovery of her mother’s garden. She was glad to know that it is possible for African American women to express themselves even unknowingly, that it is up to us to discover these â€Å"gardens.† She is appealing to the readers in general that even though some people like our mothers and grandmothers seem talentless or artistically inferior, it doesn’t mean that they really lack the talent. It just means that were not looking hard enough to find it. Alice Walker’s method of using personal experience and historical accounts allow her to truthfully see and say what has really happened. She doesn’t have to make up hypothetical events because she already has a basis for her arguments. Jean Toomer’s recollections and Phillis Wheatley’s experiences are enough proof of her argument. If some people would disagree with what she’s saying, she can always go back to their experiences, to how Phillis suffered without fully using her gift, or what Toomer saw in the streets in the early Twenties. But because of this, I think Walker is somehow limited to the sad and pitiful stories of the past. Well, in reality, most of the stories of African Americans were really sad and pitiful, but still, Walker failed to mention of any successful artist who rose from the ranks of slaves to write her own story. It is either this kind of story really didn’t exist at that time, or Walker just didn’t mention it, since it wasn’t the focus of her essay. Alice Walker concluded her essay by saying that Phillis Wheatley’s mother was also an artist, and that the achievements of their daughters were in some way brought about by their mothers. Her conclusion states that the mother is somehow responsible in every achievement of their daughter. Any artistic output by a person is also a product of their mother. Indeed, their children are their best creations, their very own wonderful gardens. This conclusion is related to her method because it goes back to how Phillis Wheatley’s mother was somehow responsible for her daughter’s artistic sense, and that beyond the poverty and the hardships that our mothers and grandmothers experienced during their times, they were still able to artistically express themselves through their children, their very own wonderful gardens.

Marijuana vs. Cigarettes: Why is one legal? Essay -- Harmful, Brain,

Marijuana and Cigarettes are both things that all Americans have heard about. Man untrue ideas have been spread about both products. Marijuana is not legal and it may not be as harmful as cigarettes. Marijuana is less harmful to the brain, body, and environment than cigarettes. When someone smokes a cigarette they say they feel a sensation all over their body. Users may experience different feelings. Many people say it creates a relaxing feeling all over the body, some say it helps to clear their head, and some say they like the taste of the cigarette. Marijuana creates a different sensation in the body. Marijuana can be used in different ways including using a bong, a pipe, or rolling it into a hollowed out cigarette called a joint or blunt (American Lung Association). When users smoke marijuana they say it creates a high sensation. This sensation is described as making the user feel floaty, a distorted sense of time, haziness, increased hunger, happy, giggly, and dizziness. Some people have reported hallucinations from high doses of marijuana. Occasionally users say it has made them anxious, panic, or feel distrustful (Volkow). They say the effects last around two to four hours. All of these effects vary from person to person and the amount of marijuana inhaled. The ingredients used in Cigarettes and Marijuana are very different. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco however it does not make up a cigarette alone. Cigarettes can have 600 ingredients, including vinegar, rocket fuel, sewer gas or paint (Tri-County Cessation Center). Marijuana is solely made of the plant Cannabis sativa. The active ingredient in Cannabis sativa is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This ingredient is from the plant alone with no additi... ...on, 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. . â€Å"New Study Shows Smokers Underutilize Proven Treatment and Services For Quitting.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. . Tri-County Cessation Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. . Volkow, Nora D., M.D. â€Å"Marijuana Abuse.† National Institute on Drug Abuse. N.p., July 2012. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. . â€Å"Youth and Tobacco Use.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. .

Nordstrom: Dissension in the Ranks? Essay

Q1) What is the cause of the problems described in the case? How serious are these problems? The main problems of Nordstrom are its compensation and incentives policies that are distorted. This company uses a Sales-per-Hour ratio as the leading in performance evaluation and work compensation. This performance indicator is not properly balanced by other important factors, such as customer satisfaction, it just focus the sales and the number of hours worked. The integral part of the problem is also the differentiation of â€Å"non-sell† and â€Å"selling† hours. The lack of transparent performance measures also spelled trouble for the employees of the company. They are always working a lot, not being paid for the extra hours of work and the measure used by the SPH are not the best ones. Nordstrom’s employees work off the clock and those hours are not paid. To have the excellent customer satisfaction that the company has, employees have to pay a lot of attention to their customers. They spent a lot of hours with them with a personalized contact and all of these hours are not paid. The employees are who build the image, the strong customer loyalty and their desires are not being valorized. The failure of management to professionalize the relationship between management and employees is another problem. Employees are expected to work beyond the prescribed working hours without pay in order to comply with company requirements. Nordstrom is concentrating only on numbers, they are developing a company culture where it seems that quantity mattered more than quality. This compensation and incentive system brought some consequences to Nordstrom. The lack of a clear distinction between â€Å"selling time† and â€Å"non-sell† leads to a big pressure to the employees since the SPH ratio doesn’t reflect the effort and work made by the salespeople. This leads to employee complaints and lack of motivation to work in the company. Also, the existence of such fear competition could lead to undesired behavior such as stealing credits for sales from another sales staff. This motivation policy was one of the Nordstrom proud systems but became more a liability than an advantage. Employees started to complain and soon this system became the target of law suits that damaged Nordstrom reputation and brought negative media attention to the company. Nordstrom was known has one of the best places to work and with this unhappiness expressed by salespeople that reputation started to drop off and the turn-over rate  increased. The focus of the law suits was the pressure maid and lack of compensation for the extra hours worked. Employees were encouraged to work extra hours but were not compensated for them. Nordstrom was targeted with several law suits and always denied the allegations made by the unions. Later, the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries stated that Nordstrom systematically violated state wage and hour laws, giving reason to the unions that took legal actions against Nordstrom and it had no other choice but to review their record-keeping procedures and compensate the worker’s loss. Later, due to the decrease of the company’s financial value as the stock price went down, another law suit was filled again against Nordstrom. This time it came from some stockholders that claimed to have suffered financial losses due to Nordstrom Management’s failure to take care of their labor problems and the claims maid. This law suit armed even more Nordstrom reputation.

Compare the financial situations of two companies.

Introduction This report is to compare the financial situations of two companies in the restaurant industry, Darden Restaurants Inc. of Florida and Brinker International Inc. of Texas. The report will provide a detailed analysis and summary of several things including financial analysis, industry history and analysis, both companies history and analysis, vertical and horizontal analysis, and the creditworthiness of each company. These analysis that we are going to conduct will provide us with a myriad of information about the two companies and how they compare to each other. In comparing the companies to each other it is important to take into account the liquidity or ability of a firm to meet its current obligations, and solvency†¦show more content†¦New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999.) Liquidity Analysis of Darden Restaurants Inc. Current Ratio = 0.48 In the year 2000 the current assets of Darden equaled $290,500,000 while the current liabilities equaled $606,900,000. Quick Ratio = 0.1 In the year 2000 Darden had monetary current assets of $60,000,000 while current liabilities was $606,900,000. Liquidity Analysis of Brinker International Inc. Current Ratio = 0.57 In the year 2000 the current assets of Brinker Internaional equaled $131,700,000 while current liabilities equaled $231,000,000. Quick Ratio = 0.20 In the year 2000 Brinker International had monetary current assets of $46,700,000 while current liabilities equaled $231,000,000. Liquidity Analysis of the Restaurant Industry The industry average current ratio for the year 2000 was 0.6, while for the quick ratio it equaled 0.3. These numbers come out to be lower than what is considered average for a normal manufacturing company in which a satisfactory current ratio is 2.0 while a good quick ratio is considered 1.5. However according to my research on the industry those numbers seem to be the norm. 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